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This Bulletin summarises the findings of a 3-year study sponsored by the Forestry Commission and carried out by the Game Conservancy. The study undertook to quantify habitat requirements of pheasants, to assess the benefits or disadvantages to pheasants of different forms of woodland management and to investigate the effects of...

The Bulletin estimates the consumer surplus (or net monetary benefit) from informal recreation on the Forestry Commission estate. The Forestry Commission’s estate of more than 1 million hectares is managed for multiple-use and multiple benefits. Calculations of the costs and benefits of timber production are made in financial terms using...

Sewage sludge, a mixture of solids and water produced during the treatment of waste water, can be used as a valuable fertiliser and is currently widely used as such in agriculture. Since 1981 a joint Forestry Commission/WRc research programme has evaluated the growth responses and environmental implications of sewage sludge...

This Bulletin presents the information from a meeting in 1990 which was focused on Sitka spruce in Britain. The keynote speaker discussed the use of cuttings in spruce plantations throughout the world. A series of speakers then dealt with the following aspects, all of which are provided in this Bulletin:...

This Bulletin comprises a series of chapters covering all phases of seed usage of commercial forestry species from source selection, through collection, processing, storage and legislation, to seed sowing; each chapter is written by individual specialists in their field. The Bulletin is still available in hardcopy.

The dimensional accuracy with which timber is sawn is important both for its marketability and for its economic production. This Bulletin describes quality control techniques that can be used for sampling and measuring sawn timber taken from the production line in softwood sawmills. The dimensions obtained from the measuring process...

The damage caused by de-icing salt is a serious, but often underestimated, problem which affects substantial numbers of roadside trees and shrubs both in Britain and abroad. This Bulletin has resulted from an extensive review of the world literature on the subject; the findings fall into four distinct categories which...

In Britain the use of fertilisers has greatly increased the productivity of forests growing on nutrient-poor soils. In fact, many sites could not otherwise have been successfully afforested. From the early pioneering work of Stirling-Maxwell to the present day, the Forestry Commission has continually tested rates and types of fertiliser...

Little information is available on the growth rates of urban trees. Trees that survive the establishment phase often put on so little growth that they appear moribund. Conversely, problems occur when a fast growing or large species is successfully established and ‘outgrows’ its living space. There is a need to...

Honey fungus is one of the commonest root diseases of trees and shrubs in the world. It can kill an enormous range of plants and also causes decay in standing trees. It is rarely a major problem in woodland although it sometimes kills large groups of conifers in young plantations....

The results of the 1990 forest condition monitoring programme are presented. A total of 7644 trees were assessed in the main Forestry Commission monitoring programme in 1990. Five species were examined: Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis), Norway spruce (P. abies), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), oak (Quercus spp.) and beech (Fagus sylvatica),...

During the summer of 1987 a survey of dieback in non-woodland ash trees was undertaken in Great Britain. After excluding certain areas due to their known low ash population, two hundred 10 km squares were visited and detailed data collected on the condition of ash in a plot selected within...