Summary
In this paper the effects of climate and socio‑economic change on Scotland’s national forests are explored using 100‑year scenario modelling, comparing a baseline management approach with scenarios that prioritise either biodiversity, carbon or timber.
Results show that while the baseline delivers balanced, modest gains across most ecosystem services, forcing any single service leads to clear trade‑offs and declines in others. The modelling is used to illustrate these consequences and to inform more balanced strategies that support policy goals and stakeholder needs.