Skip to main content
Contact Us

Bell, G.D. and Fletcher, A.M. (1978) Computer organised orchard layout (COOL) based on the permutated neighbourhood design concept. Silvae Genetica 27, 223-225.

Cahalan, C.M., Plowman, M.R., Baker, C.A. and Cundall, E.P. (1995) Final Report Forestry Commission/MAFF Contracts CSA 1449 and CSA1450. Genetic improvement of broadleaves for farm forestry.

Cottrell, J.E. & White, I.M.S. (1995) The use of isozyme genetic markers to estimate the rate of outcrossing in a Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) seed orchard in Scotland. New Forests 10, 111-122.

Cottrell, J.E., Forrest, G.I. & White, I.M.S. (1997a) The use of random amplified polymorphic DNA markers to identify and estimate the relatedness of clones belonging to the genus Populus. Botanical Journal of Scotland 49, 89-102.

Cottrell, J.E., Forrest, G.I. & White, I.M.S. (1997b) The use of RAPD analysis to study diversity in British black poplar (Populus nigra L. subsp. betulifolia (Pursh) W. Wettst. (Salicaceae)) in Great Britain. Watsonia 21, 305-312.

Cundall, E.P., Cahalan, C.M. and Plowman, M.R. (1998) Early results of sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) provenance trials at farm-forestry sites in England and Wales. Forestry 71, 237-245.

Ennos, R.A. and Qian, T. (1984) Monitoring the output of a hybrid larch seed orchard using isozyme marker. Forestry 67, 1, 63 74.

Faulkner, R. (1967) Procedures used for progeny testing in Britain with special reference to forest nursery practice. Forestry Commission, Forest Record 60.

Faulkner, R. (1964) Tables of seed orchards. Report on Forest Research, 1964. 219-243.

Fletcher, A.M.F. (1992) Breeding improved Sitka spruce. In: Forestry Commission Bulletin 103, HMSO, London, Editor: Rook D.A., 11-24

Fletcher, A.M.F. and Faulkner, R. (1972) A plan for the improvement of Sitka spruce by breeding and selection. Forestry Commission Research and Development Paper Number 85, HMSO, London.

Forrest, G.I. (1980a) Geographical variation in the monoterpenes of Pinus contorta oleoresin. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 8, 343-359.

Forrest, G.I. (1980b) Genotypic variation among native Scots pine populations in Scotland based on monoterpene analysis. Forestry 53, 101-128.

Forrest, G.I. (1982a) Relationship of some European Scots pine populations to native Scottish woodlands based on monoterpene analysis. Forestry 55, 19-37.

Forrest, G.I. (1982b) Preliminary work on the relation between resistance to Fomes annosus and the monoterpene composition of Sitka spruce resin. In: Resistance to diseases and pests in forest trees. Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on the genetics of host-parasite interactions in forestry, Wageningen, The Netherlands, September 14-21, 1980 [edited by Heybroek, H.M., Stephan, B.R. & von Weissenberg, K.] Wageningen; Pudoc. Pp 194-197.

Forrest, G.I. (1992) Conservation of the native pinewoods of Scotland: the role of gene pool analysis. Scottish Forestry 46, 194-201.

Forrest, G.I. (1994) Biochemical markers in tree improvement programmes. Forestry Abstracts 55, 123-153.

Forrest, G.I. & Leather, S.R. (1988) It’s biochemical warfare between “Pine Beauty” and Lodgepole pine. Forestry and British Timber 17, 36-38.

Gill, J.G.S. (1987) Juvenile-Mature correlations and trends in genetic variances in Sitka spruce in Britain. Silvae Genetica 36, (5-6) 189-194

John, A. (1979) Propagation of hybrid larch by summer and winter cuttings. Silvae Genetica 28, 5-6.

John, A. (1992) Studies on the rejuvenation of Sitka spruce. Forestry Commission, Report of Forest Research 1992, 25. HMSO. London.

Johnstone, R.C.B. and Samuel C.J.A. (1978) The interaction between genotype and site: its influence on tree selection programmes in Britain. Forestry Commission Research and Development Paper 122, 18pp, Edinburgh.

Kinloch, B.B., Westfall, R.D. & Forrest, G.I. (1986) Caledonian Scots pine: origins and genetic structure. New Phytologist 104, 703-729.

La Bastide, J.G.A. (1967) A computer program for layouts of seed orchards. Euphytica 16, 321-323.

Leather, S.R., Watt, A.D. & Forrest G.I. (1987) Insect-induced chemical changes in young lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta): the effect of previous defoliation on oviposition, growth and survival of the pine beauty moth, Panolis flammea. Ecological Entomology 12, 275-281.

Lee, S.J. (1992) ‘Likely increases in volume and revenue from planting genetically improved Sitka spruce.’ In: Super Sitka for the 1990s. Ed. D.A.Rook. Forestry Commission Bulletin 103, 61-74. HMSO, London.

Lee, S.J. (1993a) Sitka spruce Breeding Strategy. Information Sheet Number 15. Internal TIB Document, pp38, Edinburgh, Scotland.

Lee, S.J. (1993b) Breeding strategy for Sitka spruce in Britain. In: Proceedings of the Nordic Group for Tree Breeding. Editor: S.J. Lee, Edinburgh, Scotland, pp95 -109.

Lee, S.J. (1993c) Review of all currently opened lodgepole pine progeny tests and recommendations for their future. Internal TIB Document, 7pp.

Lee, S.J. (1993d) Sitka spruce genetic gain trials. Research Information Note 245. Forestry Commission, Edinburgh, 4pp.

Lee, S.J. (1995) Multi-trait selection of Sitka spruce clones for the General Breeding Population based on 15-year data for diameter, form and wood density. Internal TIB document.

Lee, S.J. (1997a) The genetics of growth and wood density in Sitka spruce estimated using mixed model analysis techniques. PhD Thesis, Edinburgh University, 278pp.

Lee, S.J. (1997b) Selection of clones for the Scots pine breeding population. Internal TIB report presented to Forestry Practise Division, Edinburgh, Scotland.

Lee, S.J. (1997c) The genetic improvement of Sitka spruce. Forestry Commission, Report on Forest Research, 24-28.

Lee, S.J. (1999) Improving the timber quality of Sitka spruce through selection and breeding. Forestry 72.

Lightly, A.A. and Faulkner, R. (1963) Grafting conifers at Grizedale nursery. Quarterly J. For. 57, 4, 293-301.

Macdonald, J.A.B. (1930) Genetics and British Forestry. Scottish Forestry Journal 44, 65-77.

Mason, W.L. (1984) Vegetative propagation of conifers using stem cuttings. I. Sitka spruce. Forestry Commission Research Information Note 90/84/Siln, Forestry Commission, Edinburgh.

Matthews, J.D., Mitchell, A.F. and Howell, R.S. (1960) The analysis of a diallel cross in larch. Proceedings of the Fifth World Forestry Congress, Seattle, Washington, USA. II 818-23.

Patterson, H.D. and Williams, E.R. (1976) A new class of resolvable incomplete block designs. Biometrika 63, 83-92.

Philipson, J.J. (1987) A review of coning and seed production in Picea sitchensis. Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin., B, 183-195.

Philipson, J.J., Fletcher, A.M., O’Donnell, M.A. (1997) Manual for inducing flowering of Sitka spruce and European and Japanese larch. Forestry Commission, Internal Report.

Samuel, C.J.A. (1991) The estimation of genetic parameters for growth and stem-form over 15 years in a diallel cross of Sitka spruce. Silvae Genetica 40, 2, 67-72.

Samuel, C.J.A. and Johnstone, R.C.B. (1979) A Study of population variation and inheritance in Sitka spruce. I.. Results of glasshouse, nursery and early forest progeny tests. Silvae Genetica 28, 1, 26-32

Samuel, C.J.A., Johnstone, R.C.B. and Fletcher, A.M. (1972) A diallel cross is Sitka spruce: Assessment of first year characters in an early glasshouse test. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 42, 53-61.

Seal, D.T., Matthews, J.D. and Wheeler, R.T. (1965) Collection of cones from standing trees. Forestry Commission Forest Record 39. HMSO. London.

Shelbourne, C.J.A. (1974) The genetic improvement of Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) in Great Britain. Internal Genetics Branch Document, 21pp.

Steven, H.M. and Carlisle, A., 1959. The Native Pinewoods of Scotland. Oliver and Boyd

Watt, A.D., Leather, S.R. & Forrest, G.I. (1991) The effect of previous defoliation of pole-stage lodgepole pine on plant chemistry, and on the growth and survival of pine beauty moth (Panolis flammea) larvae. Oecologia 86, 31-35.

Wirawan, E.E. (1997) Measuring the genetic efficiency of hybrid larch seed orchards using isozyme markers. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Edinburgh.

Wood, P.E. (1986) Variation and inheritance of wood properties in Sitka spruce. Master of Science Thesis, Oxford Forestry Institute, 97pp.

Next:Nomenclature and location
Previous:Towards the future

What’s of interest

These pages review the work performed by the Forestry Commission and Forest Research on tree improvement following the 50th anniversary of its establishment which passed in 1998. The genetic background describes the scientific procedures of tree breeding and the technical terms used in the remaining pages. All species are referred to by their common name in English.

Tree improvement
In this section
Tree improvement
Themes